HOW TO READ HUMAN NATURE/PART 5
CHAPTER V
THE MENTAL QUALITIES
We
now approach the subject of the several particular mental qualities, and the
groups thereof, both in the phase of their inner states and that of their outer
form. In the consideration of both of these phases we must avail ourselves of
the investigations and researches of the old phrenologists who cleared a path
for all who follow. Although many of the phrenological theories are rejected by
modern psychologists and biologists, nevertheless their work established a firm
foundation for the science of the study of the brain and its functions. And to
Gall and his followers we are indebted for the discovery and teaching that the
activity and development of the several mental qualities or faculties manifest
in outer form in the shape of the skull.
Fig. 1
THE MENTAL QUALITIES
The
general principles of phrenology may be briefly stated as follows:
I.
The Brain is the organ of the mind.
II.
The mind is not a single entity or power, but has several faculties, stronger
or weaker, which determine the character of the individual.
III.
That each faculty or propensity has a special organ in the brain.
IV.
The size of the brain (the quality being equal) is the true measure of power.
V.
There are several groups of faculties, and each group is represented by organs
located in the same region of the brain.
VI.
The relative size of each organ results from the activity of its appropriate
faculty.
VII.
The size of the organ is indicated by the appearance and size of the skull
immediately over the region of the organ.
VIII.
The Quality and Temperament of the organization determine the degree of vigor,
activity, and endurance of the mental powers.
Modern
psychology and biology claim to have disproven many of the phrenological
contentions, while other lines of investigation have given us other theories to
account for the phenomena first noted by the phrenologists. Some investigators
of brain development and action hold that while certain mental states manifest
in outer form on portions of the skull, the phenomenon is due to the action of
the cranial muscles rather than to the fact of the
localization of special faculties—that each mental state is associated with
certain actions on the part of certain cranial muscles which in turn exert a
modifying effect upon the shape and size of the skull.
As
Erbes states it "the effect the scheme of cranial muscles have had and
still have upon the conformation of the skull, and, consequently, had in
determining the location of those areas and in giving brain and mind a
character approximately identical from end to end of the scale of living things
possessing the cerebro-spinal nervous system. In so far as the neural matter is
dependent upon the cranial muscles—aside from the sensory stimuli—so far,
likewise are the psychic manifestations, through tongue or limb, modified by
variations in those muscles that, after their creative task is done, assume a
vasomotor control over their respective areas." The same writer also says:
"The cerebral mass owes its location and subsequent expansion, moreover,
in a measure that mind owes its character, primarily to the action of the
muscles attached to and lying upon its peripheral covering, the skull; these
same muscles thereafter, through exercising a cerebral vasomotor control, act
in the nature of keys for calling the evolved dependent brain areas into play,
singly and en masse."
Others
have held that the development of certain areas of the surface of the skull is
due to peculiar neural or nervous, activities having their seat in certain
parts of the brain adjacent to their appropriate area of the skull, but these
theories fail to explain the nature of the relation between the mind, brain and
the "nerve centres" aforesaid.
These
several authorities, and others, however, agree upon the fact that certain
areas of the brain are associated in some way with certain mental states; and
that these brain areas register their relative activity upon the areas of the
skull adjacent thereto; and that the activity and power of
each brain area, or faculty, is denoted by the size of the
associated skull-area. Thus, the outward facts claimed by phrenology are
admitted, while their theories of cause are disputed.
In
this book we shall rest content with these "outward facts" of
phrenology, and shall not concern ourselves with the various theories which
seek to explain them, preferring to leave that task for others. In considering
the subject of the Outer Form associated with the Inner State of Human Nature,
we shall merely claim that mental states manifest in outer form in the
shape and size of the head; and that certain areas of the skull are thus
associated with certain mental states, the size and shape of the former
denoting the degree of activity of the latter.
The
general scheme of classification of the various mental "faculties" of
the phrenologists, and the names given thereto by the old phrenologists, have
in the main been adhered to in this book. In a number of cases, however, we
have seen fit to re-arrange the groups in accordance with the later ideas of
the New Psychology, and have given to some of the "faculties" names
considered more appropriate to the later classification, and understanding of
the mental state. Moreover, in order to avoid the phrenological theories
attaching thereto, we have decided not to use the terms,
"faculties," "propensities," and "sentiments," in
referring to the several mental states; and shall therefore use the term "Qualities"
in the place thereof. The term "quality," while denoting "the
condition of being such or such; nature relatively considered," does not
carry with it the theory attached to the phrenological term
"faculty." But the locality of the several qualities
of "faculties" has not been disturbed or changed—the place where
each quality manifests in outer form, as assigned in this book,
agrees with that assigned by the old phrenologists, time having served to
establish the truth of the same, rather than to disprove it.
The
following is the classification and terminology adopted by us in this book in
the consideration of the Mental Qualities. (See Fig. 1.)
I. The
Egoistic Qualities: Self-Esteem; and Approbativeness.
II. The
Motive Qualities: Combativeness; Destructiveness; Cunning;
Cautiousness; Acquisitiveness; and Constructiveness.
III. The
Vitative Qualities: Vitativeness; Alimentativeness; and
Bibativeness.
IV. The
Emotive Qualities: Amativeness; Conjugality; Parental Love;
Sociability and Home-Love.
V. The
Applicative Qualities: Firmness; and Continuity.
VI. The
Modificative Qualities: Ideality; Infinity; and
Humor.
VII. The
Relative Qualities: Human Nature; Suavity; Sympathy; and
Imitation.
VIII. The
Perceptive Qualities: Observation; Form; Size; Weight; Color;
Order; Calculation; Tune; Time; Locality; Eventuality; and Words.
IX. The
Reflective Qualities: Analysis; and Logic.
X. The
Religio-Moral Qualities: Reverence; Mysticism; Optimism; and
Conscientiousness.
In
the following several chapters we shall consider each group, in turn, together
with the particular Qualities of each group. It must be remembered that
the power of each Quality is modified by the influence of the other Qualities.
Therefore in judging the character of an individual, each and every Quality
must be taken into consideration.
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