MEMORY, HOW TO DEVELOP, TRAIN AND USE IT/PART 8
CHAPTER VIII.
PHASES OF MEMORY.
One
of the first things apt to be noticed by the student of memory is the fact that
there are several different phases of the manifestation of memory. That is to
say, that there are several general classes into which the phenomena of memory
may be grouped. And accordingly we find some persons quite highly developed in
certain phases of memory, and quite deficient in others. If there were but one
phase or class of memory, then a person who had developed his memory along any
particular line would have at the same time developed it equally along all the
other lines. But this is far from being the true state of affairs. We find men
who are quite proficient in recalling the impression of faces, while they find
it very difficult to recall the names of the persons whose faces they remember.
Others can remember faces, and not names. Others have an
excellent recollection of localities, while others are constantly losing
themselves. Others remember dates, prices, numbers, and figures generally,
while deficient in other forms of recollection. Others remember tales,
incidents, anecdotes etc., while forgetting other things. And so on, each
person being apt to possess a memory good in some phases, while deficient in
others.
The
phases of memory may be divided into two general classes, namely (1) Memory of
Sense Impressions; and (2) Memory of Ideas. This classification is somewhat
arbitrary, for the reason that sense impressions develop into ideas, and ideas
are composed to a considerable extent of sense impressions, but in a general way
the classification serves its purpose, which is the grouping together of
certain phases of the phenomena of memory.
Memory
of Sense Impressions of course includes the impressions received from all of
the five senses: sight; hearing; taste; touch; and smell. But when we come down
to a practical examination of sense impressions retained in the memory, we find
that the majority of such impressions are those obtained through the two
respective senses of sight and hearing. The impressions received from the sense
of taste, touch and smell, respectively, are comparatively small, except in the
cases of certain experts in special lines, whose occupation consists in
acquiring a very delicate sense of taste, smell or touch, and correspondingly a
fine sense of memory along these particular lines. For instance, the
wine-taster and tea-tasters, who are able to distinguish between the various
grades of merchandise handled by them, have developed not only very fine senses
of taste and smell, but also a remarkable memory of the impressions previously
received, the power of discrimination depending as much upon the memory as upon
the special sense. In the same way the skilled surgeon as well as the skilled
mechanic acquires a fine sense of touch and a correspondingly highly developed
memory of touch impressions.
But,
as we have said, the greater part of the sense impressions stored away in our
memories are those previously received through the senses of sight and
hearing, respectively. The majority of sense impressions, stored away in the
memory, have been received more or less involuntarily, that is with the
application of but a slight degree of attention. They are more or less
indistinct and hazy, and are recalled with difficulty, the remembrance of them
generally coming about without conscious effort, according to the law of
association. That is, they come principally when we are thinking about
something else upon which we have given thought and attention, and with which
they have been associated. There is quite a difference between the remembrance
of sense impressions received in this way, and those which we record by the
bestowal of attention, interest and concentration.
The
sense impressions of sight are by far the most numerous in our subconscious
storehouse. We are constantly exercising our sense of sight, and receiving
thousands of different sight impressions every hour. But the majority of these
impressions are but faintly recorded upon the memory, because we give to
them but little attention or interest. But it is astonishing, at times, when we
find that when we recall some important event or incident we also recall many
faint sight impressions of which we did not dream we had any record. To realize
the important part played by sight impressions in the phenomena of memory,
recall some particular time or event in your life, and see how many more things
that you saw are remembered, compared with the number of
things that you heard, or tasted, or felt or smelled.
Second
in number, however, are the impressions received through the sense of hearing,
and consequently the memory stores away a great number of sound impressions. In
some cases the impressions of sight and sound are joined together, as for
instance in the case of words, in which not only the sound but the shape of the
letters composing the word, or rather the word-shape itself, are stored away
together, and consequently are far more readily remembered or recollected than
things of which but one sense impression is recorded. Teachers of memory
use this fact as a means of helping their students to memorize words by
speaking them aloud, and then writing them down. Many persons memorize names in
this way, the impression of the written word being added to the impression of
the sound, thus doubling the record. The more impressions that you can make
regarding a thing, the greater are the chances of your easily recollecting it.
Likewise it is very important to attach an impression of a weaker sense, to
that of a stronger one, in order that the former may be memorized. For
instance, if you have a good eye memory, and a poor ear memory, it is well to
attach your sound impressions to the sight impressions. And if you have a poor
eye memory, and a good ear memory it is important to attach your sight
impressions to your sound impressions. In this way you take advantage of the
law of association, of which we have told you.
Under
the sub-class of sight impressions, are found the smaller divisions of memory
known as memory of locality; memory of figures; memory of form; memory of
color; and memory of written or printed words. Under the sub-class of
sound impressions are found the smaller divisions of memory known as memory of
spoken words; memory of names; memory of stories; memory of music, etc. We
shall pay special attention to these forms of memory, in succeeding chapters.
The
second general class of memory,—memory of ideas,—includes the memory of facts,
events, thoughts, lines of reasoning, etc., and is regarded as higher in the
scale than the memory of sense impressions, although not more necessary nor
useful to the average person. This form of memory of course accompanies the
higher lines of intellectual effort and activities, and constitutes a large
part of what is known as true education, that is education which teaches one to
think instead of to merely memorize certain things taught in books or lectures.
The
well-rounded man, mentally, is he who has developed his memory on all sides,
rather than the one who has developed but one special phase of the faculty. It
is true that a man's interest and occupation certainly tend to develop his
memory according to his daily needs and requirements, but it is well that he
should give to the other parts of his memory field some exercise, in order that
he may not grow one-sided. As Halleck has said: "Many persons think that
memory is mainly due to sight; but we have as many different kinds of memory as
we have senses. To sight, the watermelon is a long greenish body, but this is
its least important quality. Sight alone gives the poorest idea of the
watermelon. We approach the vine where the fruit is growing, and in order to
decide whether it is ripe, we tap the rind and judge by the sound. We must
remember that a ripe watermelon has a certain resonance. By passing our hands
over the melon, we learn that it has certain touch characteristics. We cut it
open and learn the qualities of taste and smell. All this knowledge afforded by
the different senses must enter into a perfected memory image. Hence we see
that many complex processes go to form an idea of a thing. Napoleon was not
content with only hearing a name. He wrote it down, and having satisfied his
eye memory as well as his ear memory, he threw the paper away."
In
this book we shall point out the methods and processes calculated to round out
the memory of the student. As a rule his strong phases of memory need but
little attention, although even in these a little scientific knowledge will be
of use. But in the weaker phases, those phases in which his memory is
"poor," he should exert a new energy and activity, to the end that
these weaker regions of the memory may be cultivated and fertilized, and well
stored with the seed impressions, which will bear a good crop in time. There is
no phase, field, or class of memory that is not capable of being highly
developed by intelligent application. It requires practice, exercise and
work—but the reward is great. Many a man is handicapped by being deficient in
certain phases of memory, while proficient in others. The remedy is in his own
hands, and we feel that in this book we have given to each the means whereby he
may acquire a "good" memory along any or all lines.
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