GENUINE MEDIUMSHIP/PART 10
PART X
EXPERIENCES IN THE CIRCLE
When a circle of
sensitive people has been formed, and the necessary preliminaries of the first
sitting have been completed, it is not at all infrequent that even at the first
sitting there should be more or less manifestation of spirit power. In many
cases the sensitives among the sitters begin to experience a peculiar sensation
in their arms and hands, the latter being placed on the table in front of them.
Signs of Spirit Presence.
There will be
manifested in most cases a peculiar sense of heaviness or weight in the hands
on the table, and an impression that the hands are being held to the table as
if by glue or other adhesive material. In the arms are manifested peculiar
tingling, pricking sensations, or a "needles and pins" feeling,
something akin to a gentle current of electricity passing along them. Sometimes
there is experienced the sensation of a gentle cool breeze passing over the
sitters—particularly over the backs of their hands. In other cases there
may be a sense of numbness or partial loss of sensation, something akin to that
experienced when a hand or arm "goes to sleep," as the popular phrase
expresses it. In other cases there is manifested a peculiar jerking, twitching,
or vibration of the hands and arms, sometimes extending to the whole body of
some of the sitters. Sometimes the hand of the medium will begin to make
motions as if he were trying to write, and a pencil placed in his hands may
trace crude figures or attempts at letters. At this stage it will be found that
the singing of hymns or similar music will tend to have a quieting, soothing,
harmonizing effect.
Spirit Rappings.
At the first sitting,
or one shortly following after the first, it is likely that raps will be
produced, and communication established in this way. In such case the leader of
the circle (not the medium) should be sure to inform the spirits just what
communicating code is to be used in the circle, so that there may be no
misunderstanding concerning the same. In such case he should address the
spirits as if there were several present, for such will most likely be the
case. It must be remembered, however, that the raps will not always come from
the table. They may also, for that matter, come from the wall, the ceiling, or
from some of the furniture in the room. The table raps come from the top of the
table or under the table. Sometimes they sound like ordinary raps, and then
again they may give forth a peculiar hollow sound which is difficult to
describe or to definitely locate. The appearance of these raps give
positive proof that the conditions are being established more or less fully,
and the success of the circle is almost sure to follow.
Table Tippings.
Sometimes, however,
in place of the raps being manifested by the spirit forces, there will instead
be manifested that peculiar tipping of the table which was the distinguishing
characteristic of early spiritualistic phenomena in the western countries. In
this case the tipping of the table will proceed just as in the case of the raps,
so far as the transmission of messages is concerned. That is to say, the table
will tilt three times, one time, etc., in accordance with the code, just as in
the case of communication by means of the raps. In addition to this, however,
the table may begin to manifest strange motions; it may begin to raise itself,
jump around, spin around on one leg, slide across the rooms, etc. In such cases
the hands of the sitters should be kept on the table, or if they slip off they
should be at once replaced thereupon. Sometimes heavy tables will manifest more
activity than the lighter ones.
The Spirit Signals.
When these rappings
or table-tiltings begin to be manifested, all in the circle should keep cool
and calm, and should refuse to become agitated or excited. If the phenomena
should be apparently meaningless and disconnected, and resulting in no definite
communication from the other side, do not jump to the conclusion that the
meaningless rapping or senseless table tipping is the work of foolish spirits
or flippant decarnate entities. On the contrary, you must remember that
not only is your circle experimenting, but that the spirits on the other side
are also experimenting in hopes of securing proper conditions for intelligent
communications and definite messages. As we have said before, the spirits have
their own troubles, as well as the sitters, and both sides are really engaged
in an effort to "find each other." As a writer has said:
"Remember also that you are merely experimenting, and that the spirit
people are also, perhaps for the first time, trying to penetrate the veil and
utilize powers and agencies of which, in all probability, they know as little
as do you. So many disturbing factors exist—weather, varying psychical
conditions of the sitters, agitated mental states, too great expectancy, or
anxiety for successful demonstrations—that the true disposition to be
maintained by the inquirer is that of the scientific student, who carefully
watches what transpires, and endeavors to discover the causes of failure as
well as the conditions which favor success."
Flashes of Communication.
In some cases the
circle will have to sit several times before the persistent though disconnected
and apparently meaningless raps or table-tilts will begin to show positive
signs of intelligent signalling. The same thing would probably occur were the
inhabitants of the planet Mars to find themselves able to flash signals to our
earth—for a long time the flashes would seem meaningless to us, until at last
they would seem to manifest a definite intelligent purpose and rhythm. When
this stage of the raps or table-tilts has been reached, then the leader of the
circle should acquaint the spirits with the code used, and ask definite
questions concerning the future conduct of the seance, the answers to which the
spirits are requested to give through the signal code of raps or tilts. When
these answers begin to "come through" plainly and definitely, then
the seance enters a new phase.
Spirit Code Signals.
In this new phase,
when once entered into, the formal set procedure to be followed will be about
as follows: The leader of the circle, recognizing the signs of the presence of
spirits in the circle, will address them and ask them whether or not there is a
spirit present who wishes to convey a message to the circle, or to any one
present. Then the spirits signal back in the affirmative or the negative. If
the answer be in the affirmative, the circle leader asks the spirits to
indicate by the affirmative signal when the name of the right person present is
named—and he then proceeds to slowly and plainly name each person present, in
succession, until the affirmative signal is received. Or, he may ask the
spirits to indicate the identity of the spirit friends present, when their
names are called; and he then proceeds to call over the names of the departed
friends of those present, as the same are requested by the sitters or visitors
to the circle. When the right name is reached, the spirits signal in the
affirmative, either by raps of table-tilts, etc. After the question-and-answer
line of communication has been firmly and strongly established, more definite
information may be obtained by the instruction of the system of "alphabet
calling," as described in a preceding portion of this book. In this system,
the letters of the alphabet are slowly and clearly called off, in succession,
until the affirmative signal is given regarding the letter just called, which
indicates that that letter is to be marked down as a part of the sentence.
Wonderful messages have been received in this way, although the process is very
slow and somewhat tedious in the case of long messages.
Ouija Boards.
Of late years the
sitters at circles have found a quicker method of obtaining "letter by
letter" messages by means of the apparatus called "the Ouija
Board," which consists of a moving "Planchette" with an
indicator which moves over the letters marked on a board, the hands of the
sitters (or certain of their number) being placed on the table of the "Planchette."
The indicator moves over the line of letters, and indicates the letters of the
message, one by one. The Ouija Boards are sold at a moderate price, and will be
found a valuable adjunct to any spiritualistic circle. During the past few
years, public attention has been strongly directed to this manner of obtaining
spirit communications by reason of newspaper notices concerning the same, and
the fact that several books have been written under spirit guidance imparted in
this particular way.
A Home-Made Ouija Board.
A writer has given
the following directions for making a "home-made Ouija Board," viz.,
"A Planchette may be used as an 'Ouija' by laying down a sheet of paper
upon which the letters of the alphabet have been written or printed in a
fairly large semi-circle, the words 'Yes' or 'No' being written at either end,
and figures from 1 to 9 written straight across a little lower down. Now remove
the pencil and insert a small moderately sharpened stick as a pointer, and the
Planchette may run about, point to letters or numbers, answers your questions
at 'Yes' or 'No,' or messages may be spelt out as you watch its
movements."
Trance or Inspirational Mediumship.
Through the
development and unfoldment afforded by the development circle, the mediumistic
persons in that circle, particularly the medium who is "sitting for
development" in the circle, will in all probability develop that phase of
mediumship caller "Trance Mediumship," or "Inspirational
Mediumship." Of this phase of mediumship a writer has said: "This
mental phase of mediumship involves the development of a degree of
impressibility which may range from the conscious reception of suggestion, or
impulses, or thoughts from other intelligences, to the lucidity on the
spiritual plane which is displayed by conscious clear-seeing, or spirit-sight.
The phenomena of super-sensuous reception due to spirit influence are elicited
in much the same way as a mesmerist arouses the clairvoyant powers of his
subject. The somnambulic sleep, or trance, is induced in the subject whose voluntary
powers are no longer under his control, and the involuntary processes are
well-nigh suspended. In this state his spirit sometimes gains a larger degree
of freedom, and is able to perceive on the inner or spiritual plane.
Symptoms of Trance Condition.
"If you are
likely to become a trance-speaking medium, you will probably experience a
sensation as a falling or dizziness, as if you were going to faint; this may
continue until you become entirely unconscious on the external plane, and you
will know no more until you regain your normal condition, although, while under
the influence of the operator, you may have been speaking more or less
coherently. He may not, at first, be able to convey the exact impression he
wishes to produce. His 'suggestion' is not strong enough to set your
involuntary nerves vibrating in just the way he desires; consequently his
thought is not transferred to you in a manner which insures faithful
reproduction, and you should not be disappointed because of such imperfect
results at the outset. If your mind is filled with the desire to succeed, you
will become too self-conscious, and will thus destroy the very condition upon
which success depends."
The Entranced State.
Another mediumistic
writer says: "The entrancement usually takes place all at once, and the
entranced one passes into the realm of communication with the spirits without
much warning of any kind. When the medium is entranced it is highly essential
that there be no commotion or fear expressed in thought or action in the circle.
It must be remembered that the welfare of the medium depends a great deal on
the conditions of the others present, and purity of thought and pleasant
expectation should be the first thing looked after when the entrancement
occurs. In passing into the trance, the medium usually grows very pale and
acts not unlike a person going into a faint. But he or she must be allowed to
pass behind the veil without any commotion. When the entrancement is
accomplished, the manifestations may take place in different ways. There are,
in fact, many forms of manifestation belonging to this particular phase of
mediumship, but they all come under the general rule and conditions."
Trance Phenomena.
Another writer has
said: "In entering the trance condition of mediumship, you will probably
become semi-conscious, or perhaps almost completely unconscious. The influence
will stimulate your breathing, which will become rapid and irregular; your eyes
will close and you will be unable to open them, and your hands and body may
twitch and jerk as if you were being subjected to a series of galvanic shocks.
The sitters should keep calm and sympathetic, but they should check any
tendency on the part of the medium to undue noise, or violence, or absurdity.
You will be aware of what you are doing, but will be unable to fully exercise
the will to interfere or try to stop. You will most likely become conscious of
an impulse to do something, or to blurt out certain words. If you resist, you
will only make the task more difficult and hinder the attainment of the end you
have in view. Your best course is to hold your judgment in suspense; so do not
be hostile or critical, but act out your impressions.
Entering the Trance.
"Let the
influence have its course—say what you feel you must say, and
never mind about your own state of consciousness. You will be much more
likely to pass into the unconsciousness of the trance (if you desire to do so)
if you say, 'Now, spirit friend, I trust myself to you, and will yield my body
and brain to your control, for you to do the best you can with and through me.
I am willing to co-operate with you for the time being, and trust you to do
your utmost for the good of others.' It is not necessary that you should be
utterly unconscious, although you may think it is, to prove that another
intelligence is operating upon and through you. The evidence of that fact will
be displayed in the nature of the message and the unusual ability displayed by
you when under the stimulating influence of the operator.
Advice to Trance Mediums.
"Most mediums
find that their powers vary. Sometimes there seems to be a high degree of
lucidity. The impressions which they receive are clear and strong; and the
ideas seem to flow through them freely, and the quality of the inspirations is
exhilarating, and they feel strengthened and uplifted. But there are other days
when they feel very much alone. The influence that affects them is weak; they
get only hazy impressions, and there is a woeful lack of ideas. It seems as if
the heavens were brass, or that they themselves were unresponsive. They know
not why, but whatever they can 'lay hold of' to speak, or whatever the spirit
people can project into their sphere seems forced and incomplete. If you should
ever have these experiences, turn your attention to something else. Do not
'harp on one string' too much. Physical exercise, change of scene, social
company, and rest, will soon restore your tone and renew your powers."
Speaking Mediumship.
In that form of
Trance or Inspirational Mediumship generally known as "Speaking
Mediumship," the communicating spirit assumes partial or complete control
of the vocal organs of the medium, and the spirit then directly addresses the
circle or audience of listeners, just as he would do were he, himself, actually
in the flesh confronting them and using his own vocal organs. In such
addressing the spirit manifests many of the characteristics which distinguished
him during his earth life. The medium's voice is changed, and his manner takes
on a quite different form, i.e., that of the spirit which he possessed in his
own earth life. In fact, in some cases, it has actually been observed that the
very body of the medium seemed to either shrink, or else enlarge, as if taking
the form of the etheric framework of the controlling spirit.
Public Speaking Under Control.
A writer gives the
following advice concerning Speaking Mediumship: "Should you be controlled
to give public addresses, it will be best to withhold the name of the spirit
who prompts or controls your utterances. Most intelligent spirits prefer to be
known by their teachings, rather than by the names they bore when on earth. If
the addresses are eloquent and beautiful, and the thoughts presented are good
and true, they will be acceptable on their own merits, and would not be
one bit more valuable because they were inspired by some well-known historical
persons. Whereas, if you announce the name of a spirit, your hearers may
consider that the address does not come up to the standard of the ability
displayed by that individual before he dies, and may discredit and discard the
good that they might otherwise have found in your utterances."
Spirit Advice and Counsel.
If spirits
voluntarily tender you their advice upon business matters, especially if they
are friends or relatives whom you know and trust, and who, when here, were
capable and experienced business people, you may well give heed to their
counsel, even though you may not feel it wise to follow it; but do not make a
practice of going to the spirits for information concerning trade or finance.
Why should you expect that wise and enlightened spirits should concern
themselves about stocks and shares, commerce, or manufacturing? Probably they
knew but little about these things when they were here, and have no heed for
such knowledge over there; and it will be well for you to learn to live your
own life, do your business, and accept the ordinary duties and responsibilities
which naturally devolve upon you. Let mediumship be a part of
your education and development, not the whole.
Impersonating Manifestations.
It will often happen
that some spirit will take control of the medium for the purpose of
communicating with a friend present in the circle or audience, and
for the purpose of positively identifying himself to that friend, he may deem
it necessary to cause you to impersonate himself as he was during his earth
life. In such cases you will experience a peculiar feeling of undergoing a
complete transformation of personality, and often a dual-personality for the time
being. Another instance of this kind is where a spirit wishing to communicate
with friends, and this being his first opportunity to manifest in the
impersonating phase, he may yield to that peculiar psychic law which seems to
operate in the direction of causing a spirit, manifesting for the first time,
to enact his dying experiences, and to manifest a pantomimic reproduction of
his last hours preceding death. In such cases, the medium reproduces, in a most
startlingly real manner, the movements, ways of breathing, coughing, gestures,
ejaculations, and may even go so far as to utter the "last words" of
the dying man whose spirit now controls the medium. Every medium should be
prepared for an experience of this kind, for it will sometimes completely upset
a medium unfamiliar with it, and not knowing just what it all means.
Incidents of Impersonations.
In a case such as
stated above, the medium will probably find himself either partially or
completely conscious of what is being said and done by the spirit through his
body or vocal organs. He will naturally strive to escape the utterance of the
strange cries, moans, vocal gasps and efforts, and the dead cries and farewell
words of the dying man or woman. Some mediums have felt at such times as if
they were losing their reason, and they have struggled to throw off the
spirit control and influence in order to regain their mental balance. The best
mediums advise the young mediums to keep as cool, calm, and collected as
possible in such cases, and not to allow themselves to become panic-stricken. A
writer on the subject has said: "Trust to the sincerity of the spirit and
the good sense of the sitters, and throw off your fear. Yield obedience to your
control, and neither help nor hinder it. Just do and say what you feel
you have to do or say, and leave the results. You cannot, or
should not, be held responsible for failure by the sitters, if there is no
recognition; and by responding and giving free course to the suggestion, which
reaches you as an impulse or mental impression, greater success will follow,
and the development you seek will be promoted. If, however, you find that the
impersonations are untrue, and the sitters are unable to interpret or recognize
what you do or say after you have followed out your impressions a number of
times, then resist them with all your strength of will, and require from the
spirit the proof of his identity in some other way."
Incidents of Inspirational Mediumship.
Another writer
speaking concerning inspirational mediumship, has said: "In inspirational
speaking it will be noted that the medium often gives a really wonderful
speech, although he may naturally be a very poor conversationalist. These
speeches are often preserved and some of them form exceptionally interesting
literature. These speeches are generally given when the medium is seated, but
sometimes he loses balance and falls to the floor. Still, as long as the spirit
control has anything to say, he will say it through the vocal organs of
the medium. But it must always be borne in mind that a medium does not, as a
general rule, become an inspirational speaker all at once. There is a stage of
development through which he must pass in which the spirit control assumes
charge of the body of the medium, and this takes some time and is usually
accomplished in steps. First, the medium gives evidence of inspirational
speaking by uttering guttural sounds, and very often his mouth merely moves
without giving forth any sound whatever. Little by little the control gains
access to the inner atmosphere of the medium, and when he has broken the final
barriers, he can speak and act and deliver what he has to say. But it must be
remembered that the mind of the medium is not to be left out of the question
entirely. He is often called upon to aid in the interpretation of the speeches
the spirit delivers, and these he may misinterpret and lend to them color of
his own mentality, without his conscious intention to do so, however."
Value of Identification.
In impersonation
mediumship, however, no matter how interesting the manifestation may be, it is
of prime importance that the identity of the spirit should be clearly
established, providing that the spirit himself claims positively to be some
particular individual; this, of course, does not apply to instances in which
the spirit does not claim identity with any particular departed person, and
where the communications are given anonymously. It is this feature of
identification that renders this phase of mediumship so valuable and important.
A well-known medium, in a trance state, once delivered the following
message from a spirit: "Impersonation mediumship is the most valuable that
the world can possibly have today. When by the aid of the impersonating medium,
the inquirer is enabled to converse with his beloved deceased friends, and they
make themselves actually visible in the personality of the medium, plain to
consciousness and understanding, and tell him specifically points and facts of
identity and experience that are utterly beyond the power of any other
intelligence to tell, then he has something borne in upon him through the
senses of sight, of hearing and understanding that appeals to him. Therefore,
the impersonating medium is the most valuable medium you can present to
inquirers." Another mediumistic writer has said: "This kind of
mediumship carries conviction of the real presence of the so-called dead, and
your aim should be to get into communication with the intelligent operator at
the other end of the line, and elicit from him evidences of his identity and
purpose. Table movements, raps, materializations, writings, messages, or
controls, are of comparatively little value unless by their agency you can
secure proofs of the personal identity and survival after death of your
departed friends, or some indications of a rational purpose on the part of the
operator."
Fraudulent Claims of Identity.
We would be lacking
in our sense of duty and obligation toward our readers, however, were we to
refrain from calling their attention to the fact that positive and strict
identification of the spirits, in cases where identity is claimed, is a duty on
the part of investigators, particularly on the part of those who happen to be
relatives or friends of the deceased person whose presence and identity are
being claimed by the controlling spirit who is manifesting the impersonation.
As we have said, elsewhere, we must remember that there are all kinds of
decarnate spirits, just as there are all kinds of incarnate spirits; and that
the nature of a spirit is not greatly changed by passing out of the body. Just
as there are imposters on the earth plane, so are there imposters on the spirit
plane. And, accordingly, caution is to be exercised on both planes. The
following quotations from mediumistic writers will serve to illustrate this
point, and to show that the best mediumistic authorities themselves insist upon
this precaution being taken.
Guarding Against Fraudulent Spirits.
One writer says:
"While most mediums seek for some guide or control of prominence, it must
not be always taken for granted that the controlling spirit during a seance is
always just what he claims to be. For instance, a spirit control might give his
name as Henry Clay, and he might deliver a spirited talk or oration, which,
however, would be reeking with grammatical errors. Even though he insist that
he is Henry Clay, our reason will tell us that he is not what he pretends to
be. The change which we call death cannot lead all spirits to reform, and there
are many who, as in earth life, are unworthy of our association, and should be
gotten rid of as soon as they appear. When these fraudulent spirits appear, the
atmosphere of the circle should be made very sacred and high in character. Evil
spirits, and those of low characters, cannot endure the presence of
elevated and high thoughts, and by the holding of thoughts of this character
the circle can soon rid itself for good of these troublesome entities—and it
should do so without fail."
Spirit Jokers.
Another writer says,
on this point: "That there are spirits who sometimes impersonate, and seek
to pass themselves off as friends of the sitters, cannot be denied; in fact, we
have had personal proof of the same on several occasions. But these troublesome
and vexatious visitors invariably get 'bowled out' if the investigators are
observant and careful. In fact, such entities are neither as numerous, or as
evilly disposed, as many persons imagine them to be. There are spirits who
'play up to' the weaknesses and flatter the vanity of those to whom they communicate.
And it is equally true that there are spirits who give glowing assurances of
the good things that they will perform by-and-by, and profess to be some of the
'great ones' of the past, is equally true. It is a well-known saying that
'people love a lord,' and this amiable weakness is fully realized by the jokers
on the other side—but the fault does not wholly rest with them! Their too
confiding and credulous mediums are too often in the main responsible for their
own mystification and misleading. They are often so anxious to be guided by
some 'eminent' person who will be to them an 'authority,' that they practically
invite spirit pretenders to fool them to the top of their bent. This does not
apply to all cases of real or supposed deception, but it does cover a large
proportion of such experiences. In many instances there is an element of
self-deception—or auto-suggestion—and the 'wish becomes father to the thought,'
and the sensitive medium's unrestrained imaginative powers do the rest."
A Typical Case of Identification.
The following typical
case of undoubted identification of a visiting spirit is related by Smedley in
his work concerning spiritualistic experiences, and may be taken as a pattern
to be followed by investigators in demanding and obtaining proofs of identity
in cases where same is asserted. The medium in this case was a woman of high
standing in spiritualistic circles, and the seance took place in Mr. Smedley's
own home. The medium was at that time a perfect stranger to the Smedley family,
and to their little circle of invited friends. The seance was opened by the
singing of hymns, and before long the medium went under control. Mr. Smedley
says: "She passed under the control of an intelligent being, opened her
eyes, and manifested the greatest amazement." He then relates the
subsequent experience as follows:
Recalling Past Incidents.
"After looking
around the room very deliberately at various objects, then at one person after
another, and fixing her eyes on my wife, she ran across the room, and throwing
her arms around my wife's neck, she kissed her most affectionately, addressing
her as 'My dear sister.' After speaking with my wife in endearing terms, she
came across the room to me, and placing her right hand on my shoulder,
said: 'Well, my dear brother.' (This was exactly as a deceased sister of my
wife had been in the habit of doing.) 'How unspeakingly glad I am for such a
privilege as this! When we used to sit by the hearth at night, conversing on
various topics that used to interest us so much, we little expected we should
ever have such a privilege. You know we used to sit up at night discussing
theological questions till the embers in the grate died out, and sometimes a
chiding voice from upstairs cried out: "Alfred, Alfred, do come to bed. Do
you know what time it is? You know Charlotte is not fit to sit up so
late."' This was precisely what had taken place, the exact words being
used.
Identifying Property.
"She referred to
a number of incidents known only to her and ourselves. She asked for an album
in which she had written the dedication, pointing this out, and also various
pieces of poetry she had written in it. She asked for a hymn-book, and desired
us to sing what had been her favorite hymn, which at my request she instantly
found. She next asked for a Bible, and asked me to read her favorite Psalm. I
requested her to find it, although I knew well which it was. She turned to it
instantly, and I read: 'The Lord is my shepherd,' etc. When the Psalm was
finished, the medium stood transfigured before us; her countenance was radiant,
and her eyes bright with a heavenly light. Turning to my wife, she said:
'Sister, dear, by inviting strangers to your house tonight you have entertained
angels unawares!' After the meeting, the medium remarked: 'When under
control I was strongly influenced to look around for a picture, but could not
find it. I do not know what it meant, but the control was anxious to find a
picture.' My wife replied: 'My sister painted a picture of the Saviour bearing
His cross, many years ago, and it now hangs in our dining room.' The above
incidents, combined with her mannerisms, and bearing in mind that the medium
was an entire stranger to us, and uneducated, were sufficient evidence of the
presence and influence of her deceased sister to cause my wife to
exclaim, 'Of a truth, that was my sister Charlotte!'"
Identifying Historical Personages.
Of course, a close,
personal identification, similar to that stated in the above recital, is
impossible in cases when the spirit claims to be some well-known historical
personage. But in the last named class of cases it will be found possible to
ask questions concerning the life and career of the supposed celebrity, and to
form a general idea of the correctness of the claim by the quality and general
character of the answers given. It will be found that genuine spirits are
nearly always anxious to definitely establish the truth of their claims to
identity, and will often go to great pains to do so. The character of the
language employed, the grammar followed, and the general evidence of the
intellectual capacity of the spirit, all these will be found useful in testing
cases of claimed identity; and no genuine spirit has any just cause to object
to such tests and questions, if made in the proper scientific spirit, and with
ordinary politeness. In short, treat the spirit just as you would were he
in the flesh, speaking to you over a telephone, and endeavoring to establish
his identity; this will always be a safe and just rule to employ and follow.
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